Philosophy of Reality and Dreams by Chuang-tzu and Ibn...

Ibn al-Arabi and Chuang-tzu were and continue to be very influential to the study of both religion and philosophy. Their separate notions of dream and reality have survived through the centuries and we continue to attempt to explain and analyze them today. In this paper I will first examine Ibn al-Arabis concept of dream and reality and then move on to study Chuang-tzus thoughts on the subject. After reviewing both of these constructs I will compare and contrast some of the similarities and differences between the two. Through this analysis I will show that although they were written hundreds of years and thousands of miles apart, their conclusions on dream and reality are strikingly similar. The Philosophers Ibn al-Arabi was†¦show more content†¦Also famous for his mystic philosophy is the great Chuang-tzu. Although not much is known about the Chinese Taoist writer, it is believed he was born around 369 B.C.E. on the border of Shandong and Henan provinces, and lived as a hermit until his death c.286 B.C.E. Scholars ascribe to Chuang-tzu at least some of the writing in the Taoist book which shares his name (the Chuang-tzu). In this book, Chuang-tzu uses wit, satire, analysis, and essays to explore many questions of philosophy, including the essence of reality and perception. Today, Chuang-tzu is considered to be one of the founders of Taoist philosophical thought, and his book is recognized as one of the holy scriptures of Taoism. The Chuang-tzu has captivated Chinese readers and encouraged philosophical discussion of its teachings for over two thousand years. Ibn `Arabi on Dream and Reality In his work Bezels of Wisdom, Ibn al-Arabi implies that all of that which we perceive as reality is, in fact a dream. Even in our dreams we are dreaming. Although most of us are unaware that we are dreaming, all that we see, feel, and hear is an illusion, a symbolic manifestation of the true Reality. According to Ibn al-Arabi, All men are asleep; only when they die, do they wake up. In the above statement Ibn al-Arabi does not mean that we must die in order to understand true Reality. He is referring to the process humans must undergo in order to interpret perceived reality to

My Leadership Goals For Personal Leadership Vision

My personal leadership vision is to lead a team of individuals that is never afraid to take the hill and to be that leader without compromising my values. I have two leadership goals for the immediate future to help me move forward towards my personal leadership vision. They are creating a vision statement for my division and establishing the urgency for change with my direct team. Three actions for each goal are presented and strategies for measurement of progress to each goal is discussed. I am the manager of an internal division of a manufacturer with a direct team of six supervisors and one assistant manager. I have a total staff of 210 within my organizational structure. I have established my guiding coalition (Kotter, yyyy, p. ) as†¦show more content†¦). I am fortunate that my direct reports form a small guiding coalition to move forward with changes in my division. Although Kotter mentions that a guiding coalition must be powerful enough to make changes, all my direct reports are the supervisors of departments and are empowered to make changes to their areas (Kotter, yyyy, p. ). They all have more years of experience in our division than I do, therefore I will draw upon the experiences, hopes, and wishes of my team to help in drafting a vision statement. This will create a statement that is from the team rather than pushed downwards from me and will help my team accept the direction we need to move forward. Next my team and I must create our vision statement. According to Boal (yyyy), our vision statement must innovative features that are inspirational and offer a new order. They must also point out actions that the team can take to move towards the vision. And they must use powerful imagery to help people picture in their minds where the vision is pointing (p. ). 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Reaction paper

Reaction paper- assisted suicide Essay Reaction paper- Assisted SuicideIn reaction to the law the Michigan Legislature recently passed outlawing assisted suicide, I found myself with many mixed feelings. I found myself often feeling bad for the patients Dr. Kevorkian dealt with but more often felt sorry for him that he should be responsible for so many deaths. It is a sad road to travel on when faced with a terminal disease. It includes many harsh realities and many are not prepared to deal with their illness. There are many aspects I chose to look at when preparing to write this paper. A persons self-worth is one and also the doctors evaluation of a persons self-worth. I chose to take my own personal stand on the issue, which includes my own opinions, feelings, and thoughts on the many controversies surrounding Euthanasia. I also chose to write about the Slippery Slope for I find it to be a very relevant and useful tool in looking at the topic of Euthanasia. This is a very interesting subject to me for I look ahead at the next few years of many painful deaths for a family that is getting very old. When looking at someones self-worthwhat they feel they can offer, you have to put into perspective what they are dealing with. Of course, someone who is slowly dieing of a terminal disease is going to find their self-worth at virtually nothing. They are depressed and in pain and are not capable of doing things on their own any longer. What pride is there in that? Most people find none. On a more personal level, I would find pride in waking up each day, and in waking up each day trying to find something to smile about. I could find pride in knowing that even though I am dieingand I am in painthat I am still able to be strong for the people who love me. I find pride and dignity in that and that makes my self-worthsomething worth saving. I have been brought up in a Catholic family. Therefore, many of my opinions on controversial issues such as this stem from my upbringing. However, I have been able to do the research and form my own opinions. And, even so, I still think assisted suicide is wrong. When one person is responsible for the stopping of another persons heart from beating, it should be considered murder. And, I equally agree that it shouldnt have taken a case where Dr. Kevorkian pulled the switch to get him convicted of murder. He was a murderer the entire time for merely presenting the option, supplying the materials, and providing his services. He was, because of those three things, partly responsible for that persons death. It can not be held justifiable for a person who wants to be shot and killed to ask another to fire the shot and expect them not to be held accountable for what they did. The society we live in today, does not condone such actions. While I do find it a sad and heartbreaking circumstance, to be faced with a terminal illness where pain and suffering, loss of memory, and loss of self-worth could take place, assisted suicide is still wrong in my eyes. If I were faced with a situation such as this, where a family member of mine was suffering, I would just have to do the best that I could to be there for them. And, because they are my family, it should not feel as an obligation but as a duty to make sure they know their self-worth and their reasoning to keep a life in this world until it is time for them to go. I have heard of warnings of sliding down the slippery slope. This evolution is utterly predictable if assisted suicide is legalized. Its called the camels nose effect. .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 , .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .postImageUrl , .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 , .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4:hover , .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4:visited , .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4:active { border:0!important; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4:active , .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4 .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua27041dfbc30bd4d8bf22cd9f0295dd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Scientific Method Key Terms The camel puts his nose into the tent to see if he can get away with it. If so, he keeps moving in until hes fully inside, hump and hooves. Many are unaware of the history of legal euthanasia in the Netherlands. It began with a doctor responding to the wishes of her terminally ill mother who was in much pain. Within a few decades it encompassed killing infants born with non-fatal diseases Downs syndrome and spina bifida. Patients in persistent vegetative states, often incorrectly referred to as comatose, are also now legally killable in Holland. Is this where the United States is headed? I cant imagine it to be true. I have met a Downs syndrome patient and written many papers on the disease and one thing about them is that they tend to be very happy individualsnot finding themselves without self-worth. Dr. Kevorkian has stuck his foot in the door on the subject of Euthanasia and only begun our journey down a potentially slippery slope. It is in my own personal opinion that assisted suicide is wrong under any circumstance and that there is a time for death and when the time does not call, no one has the right to enforce such a calling. While my heart goes out to the families of the many patients suffering with illnesses that leave them in pain and suffering, if I could tell them one thing it would be, Hold on to life and the days you wake up and can find no self-worth are the days that are opening up with a challengeyou have to work hard and have to be a fighterno one likes quitters so keep fighting and youll find your self-worthyoull find your pride. Words/ Pages : 938 / 24

Of Beliefs, Self-concept, and the Power of the Mind A Reflection Essay Example

Of Beliefs, Self-concept, and the Power of the Mind: A Reflection Essay From a cognitive standpoint, one guideline for improving my self-concept is the ability to change my beliefs. This point asserts that there are deeply embedded thoughts in my unconscious which have been brought about by my past experiences. Possibly, the negative experiences have been harbored in my unconscious and have had repercussions on the way I perceive myself. I realized that I have to be able to analyze what underlies my negative self-concept. Upon carrying this out, I had very meaningful insights and thought that the bottom line are the feelings of fear, hatred of oneself, angst, and grief, among others. As the feeling and the belief of not being adequate becomes reinforced through my experiences, it becomes more difficult to change, and all the more I become convinced that I am just good enough.In all of these thoughts I have to learn to observe and to validate where all of these are coming from. Yet another step is for me is to be able to set a target or a goal. I have to live believing that I can change myself for the better if only I can change the way I perceive myself. This is an act of the will, and I have to have the firm conviction of wanting to change – this is a very potent step of the process. The next definitive step of cognitively changing my self-concept is being able to release my old, erroneous beliefs about my self-concept. This guideline may be carried out in a ritualistic manner; for instance, I can write down these beliefs on a piece of paper and burn them. This ‘physical’ release of the belief is more powerful and may cause the healing process to be undertaken more expeditiously.Having explained these principles, I realized a time when I wanted to change my belief that I do not deserve to be romantically involved with anyone. Throughout my life, I have avoided most opportunities of people who wanted to get close to me in this way. Now that I have discovered the power of changing cognitions, I believe that this has been rooted in the way that my parents brought me up. Growing in a very sheltered environment and following very stringent rules, I have been strongly reprimanded by my parents whenever I made mistakes. I felt this more strongly with my father who was a disciplinarian. I have failed in trying to change myself because the belief had a long, and deeply rooted cause. Having known these principles, I decide to finally rid myself of this belief by first addressing the problem at its root – in my belief system.First, I have to observe how I react to social contexts related to this belief. Moreover, I will also reflect about the causes of this cognitive schema, and then try to logically change this. I will reaffirm myself systematically by telling myself phrases such as â€Å"You deserved to be loved†, â€Å"You are lovable† or â€Å"You are a loving person and deserved to be loved†. I will also change myself behaviorally by welcoming opportunities of love t hat come my way. I shall not shy away from suitors and get rid of the fear of romantic involvement. I know this will be very difficult because I have been accustomed to believing this over such a long time. But despite the initial difficulty, I will continue to persevere. I will also reward myself for small wins. To be able to expedite the change process, I shall also be ritualistic about it. I shall write down all my wrong self-perceptions and burn them.One very significant learning which I have garnered from this assignment is the power of the mind. In part, we are who we think we are. Our self-perceptions affect our affect and our behavior. If we think that we are capable of doing great things, then we attract circumstances that would lend credence to this believe. So the adage of â€Å"mind over matter† is somewhat true. Our minds are potent magnets, and we must be cautious about our beliefs so as not to â€Å"pollute† it. If we are to be successful, we must begin with our thoughts. We have to have a more positive outlook about ourselves so that we may function towards achieving success. Inevitably, we may have negative thoughts that have been formed as a function of this upbringing. It is during these instances when the guidelines for improving self-concept may be systematically applied.

Rebellion against parental control is part of growing up free essay sample

Since young, children have been under paternal control. As they grow up, it is natural for them to rebel against what their parents tell or want them to do after years of being under paternal control. Most parents dislike it and find it frustrating that their children are rebelling against them. However I feel that rebellion against paternal control has its own benefits, if the rebellion is to a certain extent whereby the consequences of their rebellious actions do not affect their future negatively. Hence, I agree that rebellion against parental control is part of growing up. Firstly, rebellion against parental control while growing up may be due to children’s curiousity regarding the bigger world out there that they have not experienced yet. Having grown up under their parents’ control for so many years, it is natural for children to tend to have the urge to find out more about things they do not know which are deemed unfit by their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Rebellion against parental control is part of growing up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, parents may forbid their children from going out with their friends, fearing for their safety and due the insecurity they feel as they do not know their children’s friends well and may not be able to trust them. However, if a child rebels against his parents in this situation, he will be able to make more memories with his friends, learn how to take care of himself and how to make the right decisions. Besides children’s inquisitive nature, rebellion against parental control may also be due to a child hoping to learn to become independent. Under parental control, a child always has to listen what their parents say and his actions are always observed by his parents. With such limitations, a child cannot fully discover who he is and unable to learn new skills like responsibility and teamwork which are essential for survival in this harsh society nowadays. By rebelling against parental control, a child can break out of their comfort zone that they have been restricted to for many years and learn to discover what his own interests are and will be happier doing the things that he likes, instead of merely following what his parents want him to do. Lastly, rebellion against parental control may be a result of peer pressure. As a child matures, his group of friends changes too. His friends may have certain interests and he may feel left out if he doesn’t take part in the same activities as them. One example is having a group of friends that like music and the child is the only one without any musical background. His parents may disapprove him going for music lessons as they find it a waste of time and money. However due to the peer pressure, he may rebel against his parents and go for music lessons himself if he has the financial means to do so. This may end up as a benefit for the child as he discovers something new that he might be good at. If he still doesn’t have any interest after a few lessons, it will still be a good experience for him after stepping out of his comfort zone too. In conclusion, rebellion against parental control is part of growing up due to a child’s curiousity, his wish to become independent or peer pressure. Whatever the reason is behind a child’s rebellion, I feel that it is completely natural for children to rebel as they grow up as they will also mature and learn important skills that they require in life. However as the extent to how children may vary, some children may rebel and end up committing acts that may affect their future negatively such as excessive alcohol consumption and shoplifting. Therefore, I think that while parents must still keep an eye on their children, they should learn how let go of their children bit by bit as one day they will all become independent adults too.

Erin Brockovich Film Blog Essay Example

Erin Brockovich Film Blog Essay Example Erin Brockovich Film Blog Paper Erin Brockovich Film Blog Paper Essay Topic: Blog Facts, plot and theme Erin Broccoli is unemployed woman, who is divorced twice with three children, one of them being an Infant. When Erin Is Injured In a car accident she decides to sue the doctor who hit her. She hires the lawyer Deed Massy to represent her in her case. Deed assures her that they will win the case. However, they end up losing the case. After the case Erin tries to get aloud of her lawyer upset at the loss of the case but Deed Ignores her. To Deeds surprise one day upon his arrival to his office he sees Erin In there. After some guilt tripping Erin convinces Deed to hire her as a file clerk at his office. Soon after Erin meets George, her new neighbor. Her kids absolutely love George. George helps Erin take care of her children while she Is gone at work. One day while doing her Job Erin comes across a case the people of Hellene, ca have against the company Pacific Gas and Electric. Erin asks Deed if she can help with the case and he agrees. She then makes a trip to Hinkler to further investigate. There she meets Donna and Peter Jensen who are very ill. They believe their Illness Is a result of the chemical used at the PEG plant, chromium 6. Erin does further research and finds out that PEG was ordered to clean up the chromium from the ground water. When Erin returns to the office Deed fires her because he was unsure of what she was really doing. Deed decides to rehire Erin after a professor at UCLA that Erin had contacted Informs him that the levels of chromium could be responsible for the cancer that the Jensen have. Soon after others in the area come forward with wondering if their troubles could also be a result of the chromium in the area. Deed and Erin decide to start a class action lawsuit against PEG to help the people affected by the actions of PEG. The two work tirelessly to find more people for their case. Erin begins to strain her relationship with her kids and George due to the large amount of time she is spending working on the case. Deed eventually hires Kurt Potter, who is an expert in toxic cases. Kurt convinces Deed and Erin to speed up the process that the best course of action would be to take the case to arbitration. Deed holds a meeting with the people of Hinkler trying to convince them that this is the best way to go to get their settlement money. One night Erin meets a man Charles Embryo, a man who used to work at the plant ND whose cousin Just died from cancer after working at the water-cooling tower. Charles then Informs Erin that while employed at the plant, he was Instructed to destroy a lot of documents, some of which had to do with water tests in the area. Charles gives Erin with information from document that he did not destroy. Erin and Deed then give Kurt the Information, the signatures of the six hundred a thirty-four plaintiffs and the some convicting memos from the PEG office of the Hellene plant. In the end the judge ruled that PEG would have to pay the victims a total three endured and thirty-three million dollars to the victims and Deed gives Erin a check for I think the main theme of the film Erin Broomstick is perseverance. Throughout the whole movie Erin is very determined to help the people of Hinkler get Justice. If Erin had not been so motivated the people would have never been compensated for the terrible injustice that was bestowed on them. The movie demonstrates that through hard work and willpower even the tasks that seem impossible are possible. Characters Erin Broomstick- The main character of the movie. She is a twice-divorced mother of three. Erin is the reason that the case against PEG is pursued in the first place. She is a very strong and outspoken woman. Throughout the movie she tirelessly fights to provide her family with financial stability and bring Justice to the people of Hinkler. Deed Masers- He is first Reins lawyer that loses her case and the reluctantly hires Erin to work at his law firm as a file clerk. He is a very smart man. In the end rewards Erin greatly for her hard efforts. George Reins new neighbor that ends up being her love interest in the movie. He is a very nice and caring individual. He helps take care of Reins children while she is out working constantly. Donna and Peter Jensen- Both sick with cancer from the chromium poisoning. They were the first people she talked to in Hinkler and the reason Erin began her to further investigation. Received 3 million in compensation from the case in the end. Charles Embryo- At first Erin thinks he is kind of a creepy guy. However he ends up being the man that provides evidence to resolve the case. His cousin died of cancer after working at cooling towers of the plant. He is an ex-PEGE employee that was instructed to destroy documents but kept some of them. The documents end up proving that the PEGE plant in San Francisco knew was going on. Kurt Potter- Is an expert on toxic cases. Joins Deed and Erin to help win the case. He provides Deed with much needed money to help fund the case. Convinces them to change the case to arbitration to help speed up the settlement. Assumptions and what I would like to know a. PEGE knew that the chromium was hazardous to the people but kept quiet to save money. B. Deed was reluctant at first to take the case because he did not think much of Erin in the beginning. C. Why did no one question the reason that so many people in he area were dying from cancer? . Did the Doctors not find it odd that so many people were getting tumors and other types of cancer? E. Why did George spend so much of his time helping Erin with her kids? Resolutions 1. PEGE should have brought attention the problem with Chromium when it was known and fixed the problem. Enlightened Egoism- Take a long range perspective and allow for th e well-being of others, although always with their own interest in mind. Under this theory PEGE would have made the problem known when they discovered not because it was necessarily the right action to take but to avoid a large casuist against them later on. Costs The expense of taking the right precautions to ensure safe disposal Cleaning up the area that had been affected by the time they noticed it Money that may have to paid Possible lawsuits of the damage it had cause by the time the problem was realized if it was know from the beginning Would not have faced charges from the EPA for improperly managing waste. Could have avoided a class action lawsuit against the company from the people of Hinkler Impacts People of Hinkler would not have gotten sick and died from the chromium poisoning The area would not have been tainted with the chromium Erin Broomstick would not have had the chance to help these people 2. Do exactly as they did and try to cover up the effects of the chromium was having on the people in Hinkler. Ethical Egoism Defines right or acceptable behavior in terms of its consequences for the individual. Egoist believe they should make they decision that maximizes their own self-interest. The 333 million dollar settlement to the victims affected by the chromium Arbitration costs Legal costs Legalities Class action lawsuit against them from the people of Hinkler and the workers. EPA violations Many people lost their lives and got sick as a result Pain and suffering cause by the death, sickness and miscarriages. Area is contaminated 3. Do away with the use of chromium and find a safer chemical to use in its place. Utilitarian Theory Defines right or acceptable behavior as that which provides the greatest good to the greatest number of people. By getting a newer and safe chemical substitute PEGE would have been looking out for all the people in the area by making it safer to live and work there Costs Money to research a better chemical It may have been more expensive to use a different chemical The money to implement the new chemical Avoid lawsuits from all the people affected by chromium Provide a safer environment for the workers and the people in Hinkler People in the area would be able have a normal life free from disease A better future for the area Been seen as a environmentally responsible company Final Recommendation My final recommendation would be resolution 1, enlighten egoism. They should have way. If PEGE would have done this they could have saved many people a lot of despair, avoided a huge lawsuit, and kept a lot of people from getting deathly ill.

Change Implementation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change Implementation Plan - Essay Example Objectives- To study the proposal of the new shift being enforced by the management, To understand the concerns and interests of the stakeholders in implementing the new plan, Identify and negotiate potential constraints and concerns in implementation of the plan and To help build effective strategies for sustenance of the shift plan while communicating regularly to the management, of the negotiation process and results. Goals, concerns and interests Goals- each of the three parties representing staff who view the change positively, staff who view the change negatively and the manager who represents the management of the unit need to agree positively on the outcomes and usefulness of the new shift plan as teamwork is seen to increase quality of care provided by nurses resulting in improved patient satisfaction (Kalisch et al, 2007). Concerns- the report of the trial implementation reveal that the decision to implement the new shifts is completely the management’s decision with no staff involvement or contribution to the plan. Also, the trade union has not been consulted on the usefulness and implementation of the plan. There are two affinities within the staff, those who view the change positively and those who view the change negatively. ... There is a need to evaluate the negotiation process from the viewpoint of these representatives too. Choice of conflict management style (dominating, obliging, avoiding, compromising, and integrating) is also important as it varies from individual to individual (Mary, 2012). Interests- while the management may be committed to cost cutting and improving efficiency in implementing the new plan, a section of the employees and may be their representatives too may be concerned that the decision making did not involve all stakeholders of the unit. As Barrett (2012) has stressed on a values-driven corporate culture for organizations to be successful and this applies to the medical unit as values that the management holds for the unit need to be communicated to the employees while it attempts to increasingly adapt its interests and values in accordance to the interests of all the stakeholders of the unit. Potential constraints Posner (2012) notes that information flows in an organization whe n individual employees are empowered as the authority and power of individuals collectively can foster a better environment where facts, truth, insights, knowledge and possibilities evolve. This is the corporate culture that Barrett (2012) discusses while referring to vision-guided employee fulfillment. As the unit in the present situations seemly lacks a focus on building a quality environment taking into consideration the contribution of individual employees to the unit’s vision, there is a possibility that the implementation of the plan may affect the staff morale in turn affecting the performance in due course. Strategies for negotiation and rationale An integrating approach to conflict management by the

Fingerprint Identification: Three Latent Print Scenario's Assignment

Opinions about Different Homicide Scenarios - Assignment Example In such a case, it is possible that the perpetrator had planned their activities wisely. They may have used protection on their hands, for example, high quality gloves that do not allow for fingerprints to be left on the weapon. In typical cases, fingerprints are left on a weapon even when using surgical gloves that cling tightly to the hand. It is also possible that the murderer used another weapon to commit the offense and left with it. Another possibility is that the material used to make the weapon is one that does not retain prints. At times the prints may be too faint for proper identification. Fortunately, fingerprints can be collected from the surfaces in the scene of the crime. Glass, for example, retains prints that are highly detectable especially if the hands of the perpetrator were wet, bloody or greasy. On the hand, lean surfaces are more likely to retain fingerprints compared to dirty ones as the dirt may inhibit latent prints from being visible on the weapon. A case like this may mean that a different person committed the crime. It may also be that another person touched the weapon with bare hands after the murder, for example, an investigator hence interfering with the evidence. It may also be that the perpetrator used the weapon that had previously been touched by another person and used material that does not allow their prints to be left on the weapon. There may also be the possibility that a different person touched the weapon leaving their prints but the murder used a soiled hand on the weapon thus inhibiting the formation of their fingerprints. Such a situation is tricky and may mean different things. While it is possible for the suspect to be guilty, it is not always so. In some cases, the prints ay offer direct evidence that the suspect was responsible for the murder.  

Analyze, discuss, and interpet Machiavelli's Art of War Essay

Analyze, discuss, and interpet Machiavelli's Art of War - Essay Example In this case, through detailed discussion and analysis of the aspects of war, one can apply the theories, mores, virtues, and principles, to that of the nation’s affair and consequently to civilian life. Military and State Since the problem of an ideal society or state has already been exhaustively discussed by Aristotelian and Socratic philosophers; For Machiavelli, the problem that he would like to delve on is how to expand and maintain the power of the state, which must be ordered for the benefit of the greater good of the people. To answer this, Machiavelli always would look back at history i.e. Rome, Sparta, Greece, and discovered a very important pattern—that powerful empires emerge out of violent victories. And it is through this premise that he patterned his ideals of leadership as characterized by his ‘Prince.’ â€Å"For men change their rulers willingly, hoping to better themselves and this hope induces them to take up arms against him who rulesà ¢â‚¬  (Machiavelli, â€Å"The Prince†). Ergo, one of the many important points that could be derived from â€Å"The Art of War† is that military leadership is synonymous to civil leadership. Because war is innate and inevitable as man is in constant conflict with himself, political objectives would be the defining force and or limitation of it. War is fought because of political motives—which again reinforces another premise that Machiavelli made—that civil and military life is inseparable. That the way we function—the mores, principles, and standards that we apply in the military is also applicable or could also govern civil actions. For instance, the discipline of the soldiers could be instilled to workers; the essence of always being prepared for battle—stability under pressure, is a mindset that could be adopted in civilian affairs to be able to handle pressures of everyday life. Military as an Expression of Power Another important poin t that Machiavelli made is that military capabilities of a nation are the direct expression of power. The prince, to be an effective and powerful leader must also have an effective army. To prove his point, he again drew example from history â€Å"Rome remained free four hundred years while armed: Sparta eight hundred: Many other Cities have been dis-armed, and have been free less than forty years.† If a nation does not have an effective army, it must hire foreigners to fight its battle or for it to have someone defending its borders and citizens. But Machiavelli also warned that hiring foreigners for military could pose more dangers, as compared to maintaining your own, as these people could easily corrupt the citizens. When a nation has its own military, it â€Å"has not other fear except of its own Citizens† (Machiavelli, â€Å"Art of War†). Military Strategy and Tactics vis-a-vis Politics According to Sun Tzu, â€Å"the art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which

An Overview of Butadiene

An Overview of Butadiene 1,3 Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene with its molecular structure of [emailprotected]=CH2 have widely synonym as butadiene,,-butadiene, divinyl, buta-1,3-diene, vinylethylene, vinylethylene, bivinyl, erythrene, biethylene, and pyrrolylene refer to the same physical and chemical properties. It has same Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number which is 106-99-0, and its Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) number is EI9275000. As compared to the air, the conversation factor of to 1ppm butadiene is equal to 2.21 mg/m3 in the air. Further important identity and physicochemical properties of butadiene is described as per Table 1. Â   Generally, butadiene was produce during combustion resulting from combustion of organic matters whether it come from natural process or human activities. Among of natural process and human activities, the main contributor of butadiene presence in earth majorly come from human activity which cause high impact to surrounding life and environment. As part of human activities, 1,3 Butadiene being used primarily and commercially in the making of synthetic rubbers and polymers. 1,3 butadiene was produced by complex and specific process as co-product of ethylene during cracking at high temperature (produced C4) at the steam crackers units. The crude C4 that produced from steam cracker units or process then fed to the butadiene extraction units for separation process of butadiene, isobutenes and the other C4s (byproduct called as Raffinate 1) through extractive distillation. The most advanced Butadiene extraction technology is come from BASF NMP Process in which 1,3 Butadiene is extract as per Diagram 1 by utilized N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent. Characteristic 1,3-Butadiene is colourless gas at room temperature with gasoline or mild aromatic odor, highly flammable when exposed to heat and insoluble in water but soluble in ether, acetone, benzene and ethanol. It is very reactive: it may form acrolein and peroxides upon exposure to air, it can react with oxidizing materials, and it polymerizes readily, particularly if oxygen is present. Butadiene is stabilized with hydroquinone, catechol, t-butyl catechol or aliphatic mercaptans1,2. In addition from that, as per GHS-US classification, 1,3 Butadiene is classified and hazard label as per Table 2 and Diagram 2 below: CLASS Hazard Statement Description H220 Flammable Gas Category 1 Exteremly flammable gas H280 Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated H315 Skin Irritation Category 2 Causes skin irritation H319 Eye Irrititation Category 2A Causes serious eye irritation H340 Germ Cell Mutagen Category 1B May cause genetic defects H350 Carcinogen Category 1A May cause cancer Table 2: Classification of 1,3 Butadiene as per GHS-US Classficiation Diagram 2: Hazard label/pictogramns of 1,3 Butadiene as per GHS-US Classficiation Used 1,3 Butadiene is the main raw material to manufacture variety type of rubbers and plastics. It is being used as an intermediate ingredient; monomers in production of polymers, synthetic rubbers or elastomers, and other chemicals. As substitution for natural rubber, Butadiene being used widely in producing synthetic rubbers and polymer which offers numerous advantages in term of improvement in performance, safety and functionality, and lower costs. Over 75% of 1,3 Butadiende was used to produce Synthetic rubber. Synthetic rubber derived from 1,3 butadiene include Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly-butadiene rubber (PBR), nitrile rubber (NR) and poly-chloroprene(Neoprene). These synthetic rubbers then undergo several others specific process to produce product like: Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and poly-butadiene rubber (PBR) are used in the making of tyres and plastic where able to enhance and increase the resistance of vehicles tyre and plastic towards heat degradation, blowouts, wear and tear. Neoprene or poly-chloroprene is used extensively in manufacture of latex goods which is non-tire application such as gloves, foams, waders and wearsuits. Nitrile Rubber(NR) have variety of end product which mainly used to produce rubber hoses, gasket and seals for automobiles . Remaining 25% of 1,3 Butadiene was used to produce polymers. Polymerd derived from 1,3 include Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins, poly-butadiene polymers, nitrile barrier resins and thermoplastic resins. Among the others, ABS resin was widely used in large volume of thermoplastic resin, containing about 20%- 30% of 1,3 butadiene by weight to produce automobiles part and appliances in automotive industry . Apart from that, 1,3- Butadiene also is used in the production of adhesives for packaging, transporting, or holding food; in components of paper and paperboard that are in contact with dry food; and as a modifier in the production of semirigid and rigid vinyl chloride plastic food-contact articles. Human Exposure The general human exposure can be separated onto two: occupational exposure and non-occupational exposure and describe as per below: 1.3.1 Occupational exposure The highest exposure of butadiene is mainly occurs in occupational settings or workplace area and its surroundings. Potential areas include several industries like: petroleum refinery and operation plant (where the crude C4 cracking process take over and involves butadiene extraction, gasoline production and distribution), distillation and production of butadiene monomer plant, factory or manufacturer of various butadiene based product like synthetic rubber and polymers plant such as tires, gloves and variety injection moulding industries (IARC, 1999). Based from data collected from European Chemical Bereau during 1984 to 1987, the arithmetic means of butadiene concentration at petrochemical and petroleum refinery plant industries area in several location of European countries is ranged from 0.1 to 6.4 mg/m3 Other than that, by refer from survey conducted by occupational hygiene of United Kingdom shows that the mean concentration of butadiene generally below 11mg/m3 with most below 2.2 mg/m3 for butadient production areas while in polymer manufacturer area time-weighted averaged around (4.4 to 6.6mg/m3). Meanwhile at USA in 1985, the arithmetic mean concentration is ranged from 1 to 277 mg/m3 for monomer production plant and 0.04 to 32mg/m3 for polymer production plant. (IARC, 1999; European Chemicals Bureau, 2001). 1.3.2 Non-occupational exposure For non-occupational exposure area, it is obtained that the butadiene mean concentration in ambient air is much lower in ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 measured than reported in occupational exposure area which measured in mg/m3. Elevation of concentration observed occurs at the vicinity of source like municipal structural fires area, smoking shed or cigarette smoke area, brush and wood fires Butadiene has been widely detected in ambient air but at much lower levels (ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3) than reported in some occupational settings (mg/m3). Elevated concentrations may occur in the vicinity of point sources, such as municipal structural fires, wood and brush fires; cigarette smoking; volatilization gasoline area as well as combustion through vehicle emissions (IARC, 2008). Based on data and study conducted during 1990 and 1994, involvement of 14 cities, rural or towns at Ontario, Canada shows that the results from 1611 samples of outdoor air collected for mean concentration of butadiene is ranged around 0.1ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 with maximum of 1.7 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3. (Health Canada, 2000). Dollard et al. (2007) measured butadiene concentrations at rural, urban background (UB), urban industry influenced (UI) and busy-roadtraffic (BR) locations in the United Kingdom from 1993 to 2004. Mean rural levels dropped from 0.39 to 0.02 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 between 1995 and 2004; mean UB levels decreased from 0.64 to 0.15 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 in 1993-2004; mean UI levels came down from 0.85 to 0.35 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 in 1995-2000; and mean BR levels went from 3.3 to 0.57 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 in the period 1997-2004. . Human effect Exposure of 1,3 Butadiene can effect human health and the severity can be separated into two, which is acute and chronic. For acute exposure, it can be further split into high doses and low doses. Acute low doses exposure will caused irritation to nose, eyes, lungs and throat. These frostbite injury also may lead to occur through exposure to skin. Acute high doses of exposures will lead to cause damage of central nervous system by showing symptoms to human body such vertigo, general tiredness, distorted blurred vision headache, nausea fainting and decrease pulse rate. Human epidemiological studies has been conducted to identify the Chronic effects to human that cause by exposure to 1,3-butadiene, the result shown the effect to human can cause cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, due to some limitation and cofounding factors in study of cancer to human due to exposure by 1,3-Butadiene such as simultaneous exposure to syrene and benzene, smoking; the exact causal factors unable to established well. Extensive lab experiment involving animal such as mice and rat has been performed and study to observe relationship of chronic exposure of 1,3-butadiene to cancer. The studies through mice and rat has shown the developmental problems and reproductive effected the animals. Through this study, 1,3-Butadiene has been classified as human carcinogen from EPA and rated as A2; suspected human carcinogen as per The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Further human effect exposed to 1,3-butadiene explain on Table 2. Carcinogenicity to human Based on epidemiological studies conducted shows that high tendancy or risk of leukemia or others cancer to attacked on the lymphohaematopoietic system when chronic exposure to 1,3-Butadiene. This involve three studies on employed workers at 1,3-Butadiene production facility of styrene-butadiene-rubber(SBR) plant where the major exposure is 1,3-butadiene monomer alone. The result of the studies shows the same relation or overlapping cohort population. It was observed in two studies at butadiene monomer facility, overall have slightly excess of mortality from leukaemia while in third study shows decrease in mortality of leukaemia. The increased mortality from leukaemia in one of the monomer industry cohorts was more pronounced among workers who had been exposed at high levels during the first years of production (Second World War). In this cohort, no increase in leukaemia was observed with duration of exposure or cumulative exposure. Based on the study on SBR workers by University of Alabama at Birmingham (USA) considered as very informative data where the study involves in examine the mortality rates of about 17,000 workers through eight facility in Canada and USA. A limiting factor in the evaluations was that the diagnosis and classification of lymphatic and haematopoietic malignancies are very complex and have undergone several changes over the course of time. Although overall mortality from leukemia was only slightly higher in the update of the most recent cohort, a larger increase of deaths from leukemia seen in workers in the most highly exposed from plants and one employee per hour paid, especially those who was hired in early years and has ten years or more jobs. Furthermore, a significant correlation between cumulative exposure of 1,3-butadiene and leukemia deaths observed in this study. A recent analysis shows that the exposure-response relationship for 1,3-butadiene and leukemia are free from exposure to styrene and dimethyldithiocarbamate. Studies with mice showed increased tumour formation in various organs in both sexes at 1,3-butadiene exposures to approximately 14 mg/m3 (females) and 44 mg/m3 (males). This was not observed in rats at exposures up to 2,200 mg/m3, likely due to the crucial role of oxidative metabolism: 1,3-butadiene requires metabolic activation to generate electrophilic epoxides in which important species differences exist (mice are more efficient in the production of epoxide metabolites of butadiene, while rats and humans are more efficient in the hydrolytic detoxification of these metabolites). Many tests on mutagenicity, genotoxicity and mechanism of action clearly indicate that 1,3-butadiene is a genotoxic compound in humans and in experimental animals, requiring metabolic activation to generate electrophilic and DNA-reactive epoxides (epoxybutene, epoxybutanediol and diepoxybutane), one or more of which are considered to be the ultimate carcinogens. Health Effect Description Symptoms Inhalation problem or respiratory irritation Inhalation of 1,3 butadiene gases or aerosols such as mists or fumes generated by the material during handling and normal works can be damaging the human health. Excessive exposures can cause severe irritation to upper respiratory system or central nervous system like nose and throat. 1, 3 butadiene can cause narcotic effects or anesthetic including dizziness and drowsiness, alertness, sleepiness, lack of coordination, vertigo, loss of reflexes and death. Ingestion Drink or food that contaminate with 1,3-Butadiene which the residues of 1,3-butadiene have been found in drink and food container. (McNeal and Breder 1987) Liquid butadiene can cause frostbite to the lips but this unlikely to happen because very low amount of butadiene used in food and drink containers. Eye Person or human can be exposed to the 1,3 Butadiene liquid and gases during manufacture or at occupational area Transient discomfort characterised by tearing or conjunctival redness, pain and blurred vision.exposed to liquid butadiene can cause frostbite if it contacts the eyes and rapidly evaporates. Skin Contact Not to have any skin irritation or harmful to human health in normal condition. It will affected if the person involve in injury or wound In touch with liquid butadiene may cause frostbite and rapidly evaporate. When entry into the blood-stream, through cuts, abrasions or lesions, may produce systemic injury with harmful effects. Chronic As per International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Butadiene is listed as human carcinogen which can directly cause cancer in human. Based on experiments, there is an evident that butadiene can cause genetic defect and may result in toxic effecs to the unborn baby. Cancer ex: leukemia, damaged of cardiovascular system, genetic defect Table 2: Health effect of 1,3 Butadiene to human health Reduce the risk of hazardous In order to reduce risk of hazardous of 1,3butadiene, many precaution and controls shall take in consideration. Separated into two; occupational and non-occupational exposure. 4.1 Occupational The higher human exposure to 1,3 Butadiene is come from occupational environment. Appropriate control can be taking in consideration to reduce the risk exposure by include appropriate engineering controls, hand protection, eye protection, skin and body protection, respiratory protection and environmental exposure control. 4.1.1 A Appropriate engineering controls Appropriate engineering controls : This product must be confined with vapor-tight equipment. With this confinement, vapors should not be released, and local exhaust should be satisfactory. An explosion-proof system is acceptable. Ensure that any venting of material is in compliance with international, federal/national, state/provincial, and local regulations. Hand protection : Wear protective gloves made of PVC. Eye protection : Wear safety glasses with side shields. Wear safety glasses with side shields or goggles when transfilling or breaking transfer connections. Provide readily accessible eye wash stations and safety showers. Skin and body protection : Wear work gloves and metatarsal shoes for cylinder handling. Protective equipment where needed. Select in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132, 1910.136, and 1910.138. Respiratory protection : When workplace conditions warrant respirator use, follow a respiratory protection program that meets OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134, ANSI Z88.2, or MSHA 30 CFR 72.710 (where applicable). Use an air-supplied or air-purifying cartridge if the action level is exceeded. Ensure that the respirator has the appropriate protection factor for the exposure level. If cartridge type respirators are used, the cartridge must be appropriate for the chemical exposure. For emergencies or instances with unknown exposure levels, use a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Environmental exposure controls : Refer to local regulations for restriction of emissions to the atmosphere. See section 13 for specific methods for waste gas treatment. Refer to local regulations for restriction of emissions to the atmosphere. Other information : Consider the use of flame resistant anti-static safety clothing. Wear safety shoes while handling containers. Keep suitable chemically resistant protective clothing readily available for emergency use. Wear leather safety gloves and safety shoes when handling cylinders. Non-occupational Wood burning Take precautions to minimize the amount of smoke released into the home during wood burning. Vehicle engines Make sure vehicle engines are turned off when in an enclosed space such as a garage. Vehicle traffic Minimize time spent near areas of heavy vehicle traffic and avoid living very close to busy roads. Tobacco smoke Families can reduce exposure to 1,3-butadiene by avoiding tobacco smoke, particularly indoors.

Nursing Career Essay -- Career Choice

I believe that nursing is both and art and a science consisting of psychosocial and biological sciences that work together to continually improve the health care field. I believe that with the knowledge and clinical experience from the TVCC ADN program I will be able to provide the best care possible to the people in the community. As a nurse it is important to carry the attributes of being caring, compassionate, understanding, non judgmental, realistic, open-minded, honest, ethical, and moral. I also feel that it is important to maintain sensitivity to all cultures when providing care. I believe that nursing care starts at the client’s birth and continues throughout their life span. I believe t continued care includes heath promotion, health maintenance, teaching and end of life care. I...

Domestic Violence Case Study

Field Study: House of Ruth Domestic violence is an issue affecting millions of families. As a result of the increasing incidents of abuse, the number help centers and outreach programs have amplified in urban areas. One of the most influential centers against domestic violence is the House of Ruth. Established in 1977 and located in an urban city area, the House of Ruth offers various services to women and children who are victims of familial violence.Their mission states, â€Å"The House Of Ruth Maryland leads the fight to end violence against women and their children by confronting the attitudes, behaviors and systems that perpetuate it, and by providing victims with the services necessary to rebuild their lives safely and free of fear. Our vision is that one day, every woman in Maryland will be safe in her own home. † (WEBSITE) House of Ruth provides various services to help families â€Å"rebuild their lives†, according to Executive Director Sandi Timmons. Through a iding the public in times of need, House of Ruth fulfills every level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.These needs are embodied by every individual. The first platform involves the physiological needs of a person. It includes physical necessities such as food, water, shelter, etc. House of Ruth provides two types of shelters. The first is an emergency shelter. This accommodation is described as, â€Å"temporary refuge for battered women and their children who are in immediate danger or at risk of homicide. † There are private bedrooms with bathrooms, a dining room, a kitchen, and a living room. Women and children receive the help they need to remove themselves from hostile situations. The length of stay is based on each women’s’ personal needs. The beginning of their stay is directed towards recovery and planning their goals,† says Timmons, â€Å"Women then move into the transitional phase where we partner with local businesses to access starting job s and secure housing. † Therefore, House of Ruth is addressing the physiological needs of the family as well as the second tier of the hierarchy: safety. Needs for safety are met by the family’s desire to protect its members from all types of danger. textbook) A critical resource provided is a 24 hour hotline that is available to all persons facing an emergency. This help line is confidential and connects victims with trained counselors. Along with their crisis intervention training, counselors are able to provide callers with legal referrals and plans for escaping abuse. Women seek to protect their children from being reared within an abusive environment which exemplifies the concept of safety needs. The medical needs of the women and children living in the shelter are also addressed.A health clinic is operated by the School of Nursing at John Hopkins University. House of Ruth also addresses the need for protection in the future, after the shelter. They operate the Mar jorie Cook Domestic Violence Legal Clinic with a staff of numerous attorneys and paralegals. With this service, a prolific amount of women are helped to obtain protective orders, peace orders, divorce decrees, custody of children, and child support (website) House of Ruth provides a safe haven for families and medical attention to those battered.The next stage addressed in pyramid of needs is that of social and belonging. When meaningful relationships have been made, members create a loving and accepting atmosphere (Textbook). Escaping any form abusive relationship is traumatizing and is not discriminatory. As Timmons explains, â€Å"There is no average client. Domestic violence breaks all socioeconomic boundaries. † Women living at House of Ruth are encouraged to develop relationships with other women within the shelter. Creating connections with others who have the same experiences is vital in gaining back the lost familial atmosphere.Dinners are served â€Å"family-styleà ¢â‚¬  to reinforce this concept. Large living rooms are also provided as a gathering place for women to simply enjoy time together; watching television and playing games build a key family strength. The staff of House of Ruth consists of licensed counselors and therapists. Free group therapy sessions provide support in escaping their once isolated lives. In order to capitalize on the counseling resource, women must recognize that they are not alone in their situation (House of Ruth, ). Leaders insist that women expound on their situation and exchange support.The root of their relationships comes from the mutual violence endured. By having relatable experiences, deeper connections are made possible. The unique transition programs offered by House of Ruth propel women into becoming self-sufficient. When asked about their transition program, Sandi Timmons stated, â€Å"By partnering with outside organizations, we are able to provide women with a stepping stone to rebuilding their liv es. Outsourcing helps us find starting jobs for women. † When women are given an opportunity to support themselves instead of their abusers, they are overcome with confidence.The belief of independence is instilled within women when they are able to provide for their families. Transitional housing offers apartments with supported rent to improve a families’ monetary condition. Women must stay a minimum of six months in the confidentially located rooms to ensure every victim’s safety. The stress of constantly struggling to pay for housing is relieved by this resource. Women and children would be frozen within the circular-traditional model of time if transitional services were not provided.Instead of barely meeting the financial demands of housing, women are assisted and able to provide for their family. Eventually, women are able to support themselves without outside assistance. It is evident in all aspects of life that when independence is gained, so is the conf idence in oneself. Self-esteem is built through the transition program; women are able to gain the respect that was lost in their abusive relationship. All of the services provided by House of Ruth help women in having a better chance of reaching the uppermost tier of the hierarchy: self-actualism.Though some critics argue that total self-actualization is impossible, women are given a better opportunity to attempt. Self-actualization is reaching an individual’s full potential and acquiring a sort of self-fulfillment. Psychologist Abraham Maslow describes it as, â€Å"†¦the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming† (Cherry, ). Though total self-actualism may not be reached, House of Ruth propels women forward to become their own person. An overall happier life is entailed; victims can build their own attitudes.Women may develop personalities and characteristics that were not possible prior to living in the she lter. Creativity, spontaneity, and lack of prejudice are some traits that can be gained. House of Ruth is an extraordinary organization. Their resources provide endless opportunities for women to turn their lives around. Domestic violence takes away a families’ independence and the shelter offers an outlet to restore family strengths: commitment, spiritual well-being, affection, enjoyable time together, stress management, and positive communication (textbook). Those affected by familial abuse have an ccessible treatment facility and escape from aggressive situations. The services provided by House of Ruth are essential in decreasing the numbers of battered women who are left feeling helpless. The availability of each resource allows women to feel as if they always have a place to go. Works Cited (2010). House of Ruth Maryland. House of Ruth Inc. http://www. hruth. org/ Cheery, K. (2011). â€Å"What Is Self Actualization† http://psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofperso nality/a/hierarchyneeds_2. htm Moore, T. J. & Assay, S. (2008). Family Resource Management. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.

Free Essays on Color Blue

Since the beginning of the universe, mankind has experienced more or less the power of colors, their relation to nature, their attribute and significance. Not only do colors characterize a society; they more importantly are at the essence of every thing. Color is a perception (from our eyes) that result from the complex characteristic of the light. Color is a significant element of our society but appears a complex notion to define because it is complicated to distinguish an object from its color and vice versa. The reason for which must be our poor knowledge in color terminology. Indeed, most of the early civilizations could not discern the lexical differences between an object and the color it was representing (This lexical issue drove some historians to wonder if certain civilizations were blind to specific colors). At the arising of the third millennium, both the perception and the definition of color seem an arduous task. Yet blue, as one of the primary color, illustrates from its history and its art representation how one color could be both so complex and meaningful. Blue is the color of fear for the painter Jacques Monory, the color of the coat of The Virgin Maria, the Levi-Strauss jean, the satellite images of earth. It is also the favorite color of European population. Blue embodies divers connotation in history. The history of the color Blue is very absorbing due to both its late beginning and its difficulty to master though it was very present in the nature (sky, sea, some flowers and animals). Some early civilizations did not have a name for the color blue but for an association of colors, which was including the color blue, that emphasizes the modest place blue took during the first centuries in most of the civilizations. For instance, numbers of philologers wonders if the Greek and the Romans could see the color blue because they did not have a word for it, they did not qualify the sea or the sky a... Free Essays on Color Blue Free Essays on Color Blue Since the beginning of the universe, mankind has experienced more or less the power of colors, their relation to nature, their attribute and significance. Not only do colors characterize a society; they more importantly are at the essence of every thing. Color is a perception (from our eyes) that result from the complex characteristic of the light. Color is a significant element of our society but appears a complex notion to define because it is complicated to distinguish an object from its color and vice versa. The reason for which must be our poor knowledge in color terminology. Indeed, most of the early civilizations could not discern the lexical differences between an object and the color it was representing (This lexical issue drove some historians to wonder if certain civilizations were blind to specific colors). At the arising of the third millennium, both the perception and the definition of color seem an arduous task. Yet blue, as one of the primary color, illustrates from its history and its art representation how one color could be both so complex and meaningful. Blue is the color of fear for the painter Jacques Monory, the color of the coat of The Virgin Maria, the Levi-Strauss jean, the satellite images of earth. It is also the favorite color of European population. Blue embodies divers connotation in history. The history of the color Blue is very absorbing due to both its late beginning and its difficulty to master though it was very present in the nature (sky, sea, some flowers and animals). Some early civilizations did not have a name for the color blue but for an association of colors, which was including the color blue, that emphasizes the modest place blue took during the first centuries in most of the civilizations. For instance, numbers of philologers wonders if the Greek and the Romans could see the color blue because they did not have a word for it, they did not qualify the sea or the sky a...

Essay on Notes for Censorship of Books

Essay on Notes for Censorship of Books Essay on Notes for Censorship of Books Note card one Source Title: About banned & challenged books Author(s): ALA How to find: ala.org/bbooks/about Author's Words (quotes, statistics)... "Books usually are challenged with the best intentions- to protect others, frequently children, from difficult ideas and information..." "Often challenges are motivated by a desire to protect children from â€Å"inappropriate† sexual content or â€Å"offensive† language..." "In his book Free Speech for Me- But Not for Thee: How the American Left and Right Relentlessly Censor Each Other, Nat Hentoff writes that â€Å"the lust to suppress can come from any direction.† He quotes Phil Kerby, a former editor of the Los Angeles Times, as saying, â€Å"Censorship is the strongest drive in human nature; sex is a weak second.†..." My words: The difference between challenging a book and banning it is that a challenge is an attempt to remove or restrict materials, while banning a book is the removal of those materials. Most books are usually challenged with the thought of good intentions. The top three reasons for challenging a book are: 1.) The material was considered to be "sexually explicit" 2.) The material contained "offensive language" 3.) The material was "unsuited to any age group" Note card two: Source Title: About banned & challenged books Author(s): ALA How to find: ala.org/bbooks/about Author's Words... "If there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment, it is that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable..." "Restriction of free thought and free speech is the most dangerous of all subversions. It is the one un-American act that could most easily defeat us..." My words: Throughout the years, many more and different kinds of people and groups of all persuasions who have attempted-and continue to attempt-to challenge books that disagree with their own beliefs. Note card three: Source Title: First Amendment Site Author(s): Lehigh University How to find: lehigh.edu/~infirst/bookcensorship.html Author's Words... "Censorship is when a person or group successfully imposes their values upon others by stifling words, images or ideas and preventing them from reaching the public marketplace of ideas..." "Books are challenged or censored in cities and towns all over the country for a multitude of reasons..." My words: Book censorship has been noted as early as 399 B.C., when Socrates was sentenced to drink poison for corrupting his students. Challenges are not just and individual expressing a point of view or even complaining about the content of a book. Instead, challenges are an effort to remove that book from the school's curriculum of library. Note card four: Source Title: First Amendment Site Author(s): Lehigh University How to find: lehigh.edu/~infirst/bookcensorship.html Author's words... "Powerful institutions may support censorship the Catholic Church compiled lists of banned books since 1559, and only stopped the practice in 1966..." "Books involving sexual relations, especially homosexual relationships, are often targeted..." "A contemporary favorite was challenged in Arkansas because it depicted witchcraft..." My words: Most books involving sexual relations, especially homosexuality, are most often targeted. A 1995 federal court case involved with the Olathe, Kansas, school board voted to remove the book "Annie on My Mind," (Nancy Garden, July 1982) from school libraries because the book illustrates a lesbian relationship between two teenagers. Note Card five: Source Title: Frequently challenged books of the 21st century Author(s): ALA How to find: ala.org/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/top10 Author's words... "Each year, the ALA's Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF)

Individual essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Individual - Essay Example In this argument, I will use the example of Aboriginal children taken away from their â€Å"country† and how it impacted them as individuals and their culture. I will also argue that free will in choosing one’s cultural identity is under the influence of many factors. One’s cultural identity raises some interesting sets concerning the choice, for instance, how one defines his/her cultural identity and whether these definitions are imposed or chosen. Stuart hall discusses colonial experience and its traumatic nature by suggesting that expropriation of culture deforms and cripples that races that have been colonized are subjected to domination and will that is imposed through subjective conformation and compulsion to the norm (Hall 218). These people are projected unfairly as â€Å"others†, which means that cultural identity is a positioning rather than essence. Hundreds of children of Aboriginal were uprooted from their families in Australia and brought up away from their natural environment. They then became what were referred to as a stolen generation. One member of this generation who was adopted at 13 into a non-indigenous family and claims that he went through a crisis of identity. His identity was whom he was and where he was f rom, claiming that he and his Aboriginal wife were attempting to break a cycle of shattered families (Hall 220). He contended that they would make sure they stuck together and raise their children know their heritage. The other Aborigines were products of imposed interracial marriage whose children spent their lives attempting to fit since they were not white or black enough (Hall 222). This highlights the uniqueness of the situation that multi or bi-cultural live in. This situation does not make it any less valid than an identity that is fixed. Another example is the Australian cultural studies teacher and author Ien Ang who was born to a Chinese family in Indonesia and studied in Holland

Understanding Tort Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Understanding Tort Law - Term Paper Example The law defines litter as an item that defaces the environment such as bottles, papers, and other such things. From the given scenario Jamal, Julia, and Juniata are arrested and convicted for littering. Later the three individuals made an appeal basing their argument on the fact that their mistakes were unintentional. Although the offenses were not intentional, the three individuals have a tort to answer before the court. To succeed in the prosecution the judges will apply statutory and law aids in the statutory interpretation to determine the verdict. Statutory interpretation is the process through which judges and magistrate interpret laws and statues in the law before applying them in decision-making. For the court to fulfill its purpose, it needs to interpret or decide the different meaning of the different statues contained in the law. Although the parliament has the responsibility of making laws, the court has the duty of deciding and applying the laws accordingly. In the inter pretation process, UK courts apply some well-known conventions to avoid ambiguities. The court proceedings and operations have great significance on the importance of the different acts passed by the parliament. In the court, preceding the whole act will be read and from its title, the judges can determine the necessary objects. In the first case, Jamal dropped litter from a split shopping bag unintentionally. For the court to arrive at an appropriate decision, it needs to apply rules and other legal aids. The first important rule that the court is most likely to apply is the littering statute. Law against littering is a section of the environmental protection act of 1990 (Harlow, 2005). The law defines littering as an offense that attracts legal punishment. The section defines littering as discarding of litter in unauthorized public places with an exception of places allowed by the law. Jamal, junta, and Julia will be prosecuted under section 87 of the environmental Act if found gu ilty. To determine the verdict the court needs to interpret the act by first defining litter and littering.     

Do culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in Essay

Do culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in international order - Essay Example Realism on the other hand believe that the way that international order is achieved is through states’ pursuit of power (Bromley and Smith, 2004). Liberalism theories of transformation are especially useful for analyzing whether or not culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in international order. Liberalism theories draw attention to universality and particularity. In this regard, the question for consideration is different standpoints (particularity) find commonality and thus universality in structuring international order (Bromley and Smith, 2004). Human rights in the international political order is often perceived in terms of universality, yet strands of particularity are observed. Therefore, according to cultural relativism, while it is often claimed that human rights are universal because we are all human beings, there are individual claims that what rights are applicable and inalienable depends on cultural values, beliefs and practices (Donnelly, 2007). Cultural relativism is said to be more profound with the challenges resulting from globalization and a multicultural world (Ayton-Shenker, 1995). Disparities in terms of income, access to resources, cultural clashes and so on have raised concerns about whether or not universality in the international ordering can be achieved amidst profound and divergent particularity. Ayton-Shenker (1995) argues that cultural clashes and inequitable differences threatens the international order in that societies may inevitably resort to cultivating their own cultural values and identities. This research paper will therefore use liberalism theories of transformation, especially concepts of universality and particularity to analyse whether or not culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in international order. This research paper hypothesized that if cultural relativism

The relationship between business strategy and IT strategy Essay Example for Free

The relationship between business strategy and IT strategy Essay Introduction The decision of enveloping IT into a business is one of the biggest decisions which need to be evaluated for their success and long term planning. Business strategy must be broken down into thought generation process, specifically the â€Å"what of the system†, evaluating the positive and negative sides of the business after IT alignment and forecast of the future direction for its customers and suppliers would make the strategy stand for success. The modernized view of things is to typically involve to the desired extent the suppliers and customers in the design process of the product so that they get what they want. Relationship between IT and Business strategy The relationship between the IT and business strategy can be attributed for organizing the business in a planned and organized manner so that all the business functions are effectively and efficiently performed giving optimum utilization of resources. Enveloping IT for a business enhances its capability to reduce cycle costs, allow other enterprises to collaborate in product design and production. It further helps in linking all the business departments and modules so that all the various organizational functions are merged together and combined together to create an collaborative enterprise. Business strategy is a goal-oriented approach and is the synchronization of all business decisions made and propagated among the departments for further processing and operation. To ease up this process IT comes in the picture to give it a new dimension. It not only brings every process in the same page but facilitates the flow of information and timely implementation of crucial decisions which can take advantage of a business opportunity for prosperity. The major components of IT in designing the process flow in an organization are quite essential in the long road of creating an environment of efficient communication and utilization of resources to avoid wastage and evaluate productivity at every stage. Enterprises require maintaining good communication with external environment so that it is able to focus on the challenges with regard to innovation of products and services. Good consumer and supplier relations are extremely essential for business continuity and steady progress.    Were there problems with Strategy formulation? Appropriately identifying the crucial static and dynamic variables shaping in the business environment and capitalizing on those resources is the absolute geniuses of any strategist. At the moment of framing the strategy the appropriate positive and negative factors of IT implementation must be considered for an organization. The amount of association to be represented among the various departments would be quite a challenging task and would include plan and awareness on the part of the strategist. Correct identification of the business workflow and the system functionality can be made with proper evaluation and walkthrough of the business scenario. Strategic formulation is to some respect responsible for the failure of the enterprise; however it can be argued that the variables considered can be judged with different eyes so that the ultimate formulation of the ideas generated is perfectly matched with the business scenario. The scope of the business must also be defined quite well so that the analysis phase is performed well. Were there problems with strategy implementation? The implementation of strategy is utmost essential for making the planned architecture by the strategists successful. Unless the plans are implemented well they stand quite baseless in the space of ideas. Definite implementation of the agreed plans must be undertaken so that all the concepts which were built around the fence would get a representation otherwise they would stand baseless. The technology faults get visibility in the scenario where appropriate implementation of strategy is not made. If the initial stages are not taken care and given a proper representation, the implementation of the strategy is almost impossible to the extent that all the wrong elements and plans would be implemented. Were there problems with the strategic process? The problems in the strategic process keep most of the resources out of view so that they are not indulged in the process of development. The process management must be accordingly taken care so that all the appropriate business processes are managed well and all the crucial processes are enveloped. Evaluation of the positive and negative impacts of a particular decision in the business must be researched thoroughly and accordingly the strategic process would be designed so that the other businesses in the atmosphere would feel advantaged with your business scenario and supplier relations. Creating a monopoly would make other enterprises quite envy. Strategic process must also focus on the past problems, present needs and future requirements. Enough analysis of the business scenario and modularizing of the business functions would make it more advantageous to cover the entire process cycle for its success. All such smaller process cycles would combine together to meet the focus of the central objective. Conclusion The value added services like including the concept of collaboration with other companies, suppliers and customers would make the enterprise a global entity. In addition to it, appropriate identification of such strategy must be responsible for its formulation and successful implementation for the benefit of all. Bibliography Sawhney Mohanbir. B2B: Execution of the Concept Is Key to Success. See: http://www.cio.com/article/ 31078/B_B_Execution of_the_Concept_Is_Key_to _Success Worthen   Ben. COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING and True Enterprise Architecture Is Still Two Years Away. See: http://www.cio.com/article/30605/COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING_and_True_Enterprise_Architecture_Is_Still_Two_Years_Away

Essay on Utopia - Disneys Utopian Community -- Exploratory Essays Res

Disney's Utopian Community      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of utopian communities is a hot new commodity among major enterprises. The Walt Disney Corporation is currently marketing its own community called Celebration. Disney, known for creating worlds of fantasy through theme parks and movies tackles reality. According to architect Robert A.M. Stern, the idea behind Celebration is to "recapture the idea of a traditional American town, traditional in spirit, but modern in terms of what we know about how people live"(Oilande 1). Also, the town is "structured around the five cornerstones of life in Celebration: community, education, health, technology, and place"(Oilande 2). Celebration uses this concept to create a special utopian vision. Despite contradictions of artificiality, regulation, and price, Celebration is a good utopian vision because it has a sense of community, an outstanding educational system, and a credible health care system.    The notion of a artificial or theme park feel has come up as a possible concern. "The town resembles a movie set with the neat-and-pretty homes like facades"(Oilande 5). Disney is taking a community and making it a fantasy of the lost traditional suburb one would see on "Leave it to Beaver" or "Pleasantville". As one visitor of the new community stated, "the minute you drive into Celebration's property, Disney's visual magic takes hold. White fences reminiscent of Kentucky's Bluegrass Country, surround the property. Upon a closer inspection they prove to be plastic. And from a distance, the preview center looks like a classical mansion. It's not. It's a faà §ade. Behind the mansion door is a pre-fab"(Wilson3). This ideal is created in a conference room at a corporate office somewhere and it i... ...able: http://www.detnews.com/EDITPAGE/SAT1028/CANTOR.html. Cottrell, Kenny. Celebration: Frequently Asked Questions. Tuldp. Avaliable: http://www.tudlp.org/celebfaq.html. Disney. General Celebrations Facts and Figures. Available: http://www.primenet.com/~dbrady/oliande/celebfacts.html. February 1997. Hoffman, Derek. Review of Disney's Celebration. Avaliable: http://mason.gmu.edu/~dhoffman/week4.htm. 12 February1997. Lease, Daryl. Village theme for Disney: Wonderful World of Wal-Mart. The Free Lance-Star. Avaliable: http://.starweb.infi.net/columns/lease/dl032396.htm. 23 March1996. Oliande, Sylvia. A Visit to Celebration. Avaliable: http://www.primenet.com/~dbrady/oliande/celebration.html. 9&10 March 1997. Wilson, Craig. Celebration puts Disney in reality's realm. USA Today. Avaliable: http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/wooda/usacelebration.html.

Comment Cuisiner Son Mari a L’africaine: How-to Manual or Cautionary Tale

De tous les arts, l'art culinaire est celui qui nourrit le mieux son homme. – Pierre Dac Calixthe Beyala was born in Cameroon in 1961. She was very disturbed by the extreme poverty of her surroundings. She went to school in Douala, and she excelled in Mathematics. Calixthe Beyala traveled widely in Africa and Europe before settling in Paris, where she now lives with her daughter. Beyala has published prolifically, and her most recent novel, which came out earlier this year, is called La Plantation.Beyala’s novel Comment cuisiner son mari a l'africaine appeared in the year 2000, published by Albin Michel. It is similar in structure to Laura Esquivel's Like Water for Chocolate, where the narrative is interrupted by the recipes which figure in the plot line. In her book, Beyala includes twenty-four of the recipes which her heroine Aissatou prepares to attract her neighbor and compatriot, Souleymane Bolobolo. In this way the book serves as a how-to manual, as its title sugg ests, on how to seduce, marry and keep a husband by cooking for him.The book begins with a prologue in the form of a legend where a woman arrives at the remote home of the recluse, Biloa. She announces that she has dreamed of him since she was a little girl, and that she has always known that they would marry. Biloa protests that he isn't the one she is seeking, repeating â€Å"Ce n'est pas moi†, but the woman tempts him with food so Biloa admits his identity, â€Å"C'est peut-etre moi,† and takes the woman and the basket of food into his house. This, according to the legend, is how Biloa came to be a member of the society of men.This prologue does, indeed, prefigure the struggles of Aissatou, our novel's heroine, who is a une dame-pipi28 caught between her identity as a Parisian and as an African. Fed up with romantic disappointments, she has chosen her neighbor Bolobolo to be her husband, though she hasn't really even met him. Aissatou, who habitually eats only three grated carrots for her dinner, and always takes her tea without sugar in order to maintain her slim figure goes to a marabout for advice on how to seduce Bolobolo, and is provoked by the other women that are also waiting there for advice.According to them, Aissatou's problem is that she is too skinny, and they lament the fact that â€Å"ces filles d'aujourd'hui ne savent meme pas cuisiner†¦.. et ca se veut des femmes. â€Å"29 Aissatou takes this all to heart and armed with the recipes she learned from her mother and grandmother, she attacks her neighbor on the culinary front. She begins by bringing â€Å"beignets aux haricots rouges† to Bolobolo's elderly mother who is suffering from a mental illness, and then continues tempting her neighbor with other exotic and spicy dishes.Aissatou is not unopposed, however, and deals with her rival, Bijou, by again eclipsing her performance in the kitchen. Eventually, Aissatou does seduce Bolobolo, and after his mother's death, t hey do marry. But the story doesn't end here. In an epilogue, the reader gets a glimpse of Aissatou and Bolobolo's marriage twenty years later. Aissatou admits that she cooks to save her marriage, which is constantly imperiled by her husband's infidelity.But, as her mother had told her, â€Å"There comes a time when one must prefer one's marriage to one's husband,† and so Aissatou sacrifices her pride and tends her relationship in the kitchen even though she realizes that her husband is an adulterous coward. The epilogue leaves a bitter taste at the end of such a delicious novel, but it keeps it honest, and doesn't allow it to seem like the simple re-telling of the legend of Biloa. Whereas the themes of food and cooking often serve as expressions of nostalgia in other novels, in Beyala's book, food is a language spoken by the different characters.Aissatou hears her mother's voice prescribing certain dishes to mend a broken heart and other dishes to soothe herself and her fami ly, for as she says, â€Å"Ventre plein n'a point de conscience. â€Å"30Her daughter, however, doesn't initially have the same reaction when feeling low and instead she makes herself a bowl of ‘veritable soupe chinoise en sachet. ‘ This means that prior to her decision to seduce Bolobolo by cooking for him, the only cooking that Aissatou undertakes is nothing more than adding water to a dried powder and heating it up.The fact that the dried powder is identified as ‘real’ and ‘Chinese’ point to the fact that it is really neither. Aissatou is not concerned with her food’s quality or ethnicity, and cares only about its convenience and calorie count. In the course of the novel, Aissatou will give up her proclivity for these ‘inauthentic’ foods and begin to enjoy the foods of West Africa prescribed by her mother and other African characters. In Beyala’s book, African food is imbued with nearly magical qualities. Yes, it does put meat on the bones of those who enjoy it, but it also excites the senses, and inflames the passions of those who eat it.Moreover, the true connoisseurs and sages of African food are all women. Even when Aissatou goes to consult a marabout about her love life, it is the women who actually reveal her ‘diagnosis. ’ Maimouna, who is known as ‘la cheftaine-reine des cuisines† amongst the women at the marabout’s apartment says that Aissatou’s problem is that she is too thin, and that a certain spicy shrimp dish will always attract a man. Once Aissatou decides to begin cooking African food in order to achieve her goal of seducing Bolobolo, she is also able to influence other situations through her cooking.She decides to provoke a macho response in her passive male best friend and prepares a jus de gingembre, a drink formulated to send him into a frenzy of desire, just to see what will happen. When confronted by her angry rival, mademoiselle Bi jou, she cooks a bouillie de mil for her to show that she is civilized and in control of the situation. Later, angered by Bijou's assessment of her relationship with Bolobolo, she also takes revenge on him by putting a laxative in a favorite dish of his. And of course, Aissatou's prime objective, clinched by her pepe-soupe aux poissons, is to arouse an appetite for passion within Bolobolo.Aissatou is speaking through her cooking, revealing her desires and fears, using food to express those things which she cannot explicitly state. In addition to its function as a way to provoke a physical response in the eater, food acts as an important cultural identifier in this novel. Through it we see the transformation of Aissatou from Parisian, back to African and from white, back to black. In other words, she effectuates a reverse migration, and food and cooking are the vehicle that she uses to bring herself back to her roots.Though this migration is easy to track, as she embraces her motherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s attitudes toward food, cooking and even marriage, it is more difficult to find Aissatou’s point of departure. In the beginning, Aissatou’s very racial and ethnic identity is called into question by Beyala’s own publisher’s blurb on the back of the novel itself. It describes her as  « une Parisienne pure black en proie au tourments de l’amour.  »31 But Aissatou claims that her self-imposed exile in France has made her forget the fact that she is black and that she doesn’t know when she became white.She admits that she has become white by imitating the thin, white Parisian women who are, as she is, completely caught up in the constant pursuit of beauty that is calculated to please men. She realizes that she has adopted a foreign mentality when it comes to her own body image and describes herself thus: â€Å"Moi, je suis une negresse blanche et la nourriture est un poison mortel pour la seduction. Je fais chanter mon corps en eplu chant mes fesses, en rapant mes seins, convaincue qu'en martyrisant mon estomac, les divinites de la sensualite s'echapperont de mes pores. 32It is interesting to note the use of the kitchen techniques, which indicate how previously her only cooking projects served to keep her thin. She combines these techniques where she literally scrapes her body until it is thin with words like martyr and divinity, playing into the idea that the denial of food in order to remain thin is a somehow sacred task. This is a long-standing dialectic, where women align divinity and asceticism when that same asceticism really represents a societal imperative to conform to ideals of beauty.This statement is a declaration of success; she has martyred her body in order to be desirable, and therefore white. Though Aissatou admits that she diets constantly and obsessively, like other Parisian women, she also lies about what she eats, just for the sake of being cruel. When asked about her diet by an apparently jealous overweight woman, Aissatou joyfully tells her that she has, since her birth, eaten, â€Å"le coq au vin, arrose d’un bon beaujolais nouveau; les epaules d’agneau aux champignon noirs, le ris de veau a la creme fraiche et le couscous mouton a la tunisienne. 33Of course, it is completely untrue that she ever indulges in such rich food, and certainly doubtful that she ate these traditional French dishes as a child in Cameroon. It is worth noting the inclusion of Tunisian couscous with the list of very traditional French food. Couscous has entered the repertory of French foods and is a common dish, despite its colonial origins. Though one may argue about the ‘authenticity’ of a Parisian â€Å"couscous a la Tunisienne† and how it plays on French ideas of exoticism, it is undeniably a part of French cuisine.This is in contrast to sub-Saharan African cuisine, which is much more difficult to find in the capital. Though you can eat couscous in every arrondissement, you would be hard pressed to find many restaurants that serve food from West Africa or the provisions necessary to make them at home. With this book, Beyala presents a fictionalized cookbook, and if the intrepid home cook should retrace the steps of the heroine, it could even serve as a guide for shopping for the ingredients in the recipes.As mentioned previously, this book’s structure is similar to other popular novels where recipes for the dishes prepared by characters are included, like Frances Mayes’, Under the Tuscan Sun, and Laura Esquivel’s, Like Water for Chocolate. But in these novels, the recipes are most often a part of the narration itself and sometimes are even recounted by one character to another, mimicking the traditional way that cooking recipes are transmitted, orally, from one cook to another, most often mother to daughter.In Beyala’s book, which features African characters who themselves benefited from the oral traditi on of passing down culinary knowledge, Beyala’s chooses to completely disconnect the recipes from the text, placing them on a separate page at the end of the chapter, and printing them like a traditional recipe that could be found in any cookbook or magazine article. Also, Beyala’s book differs from Mayes’ and Esquivel’s because their novels are both set in a time or place that is foreign to the reader.Esquivel’s novel is set during the Mexican revolution, and Mayes’ is set in Italy, and their settings automatically place them in a foreign and/or exotic locale. Despite this fact, the reader can easily recreate the recipes that their characters make, thereby exoticising themselves by their appropriation of the foreign meal. In contrast, Beyala’s book is both more accessible in its setting, and less accessible to the home cook. Comment cuisiner son mari a l’africaine is set in the present-day French capital and is completely reco gnizable in terms of its location and lifestyle.But re-creating the recipes that Aissatou makes is nearly impossible, because many of the ingredients listed in these recipes are not translated or even described. Though it would seem that this cookbook is intended for other immigrant women to use in re-creating dishes from West Africa, the lack of information about ingredients or possible substitutions runs counter to other cookbooks with similar propositions. Therefore, the status of the book as a manual is questionable, since it is not clear that one can even follow the recipes.Beyala’s book may just be using the recipes as other novels use illustrations. They are glimpses of a foreign culture provided by the author in order to pique the interest of the reader, just as an illustration does. Beyala’s location of the text in Paris is key in the novel, because it allows her to set up a cultural dialectic between France and Cameroon. Her heroine must navigate the multicul tural space of the post-colonial capital to assess the compromises and concessions that white and black women make.Aissatou is caught between her Parisian reality where sexual value is based on how thin a woman is, and her memories of her mother's advice which promoted the importance of domesticity and especially culinary satisfaction in the life of a couple. â€Å"Un homme qui vous fait ressentir de telles emotions†¦.. merite le paradis,†34 she would say as she seasoned a dish to please her man. Aissatou imagines the questions that her mother would have asked her if her daughter had come to her after a failed love affair.Her mother would have asked if first, she had satisfied him sexually, second, if she had kept the house well, and third if she had prepared nice dishes for him. As Aissatou begins cooking savory dishes for herself her thin figure fills in with more womanly curves, eliciting pitying looks from some who think that she has let herself go, and approval from others. Race, beauty, food and sex are all locked into an uneasy correlation that she cannot accept. She gives up on the idea of maintaining a French, i. e. thin, ideal of beauty and trades it for the African ideal of sensual pleasure of food as a means to attract men.Interestingly, she does not trade her French beauty regimen for an African one. She even cites the methods that she is unwilling to follow and decides that braiding her hair, massaging herself with shea butter and pretending to be fragile is not for her: â€Å"Rien qu’a y penser, je m’epuise comme si c’etait deja a l’ouvrage. †35 This return to her roots is unquestionably problematical for Aissatou. She is torn between the two worlds constantly. For example, when she sees Bolobolo leaving the apartment building, she is struck by her sudden ‘African’ reaction: â€Å"Si j'etais sa femme, je serais restee a la maison a l'attendre. But just as quickly she asks herself, â₠¬Å"Mais pourquoi dans le partage des roles les femmes doivent-elles garder le foyer, cuisiner, allumer les lampes†¦. jusqu'a ce que mort s'ensuive? †36This is the same reaction that she has when she asks herself if she is capable of using African methods of seduction. Aissatou’s onerous task is to reconcile her African mother’s advice on how to seduce and hold on to a man with her French post-feminist questions about that role. She knows that her mother is right, and that she will be able to seduce this African man by appealing to his sensual desires and African identity.So, she picks at Bolobolo's sensibilities as an African man and critiques him for doing the marketing himself, saying: â€Å"Vous vous etes finalement bien adapte a l'Occident qui voudrait que l'homme soit une femme et l'inverse. †37In this way, she calls attention to the cultural difference in the French and African views on the traditional division of labor and highlights the fact t hat she and Bolobolo share a common culture, though they may be forced to adapt to French practices.Aissatou also seeks to call attention to their shared culture when she uses Bolobolo's mother's condition as an excuse to get involved, which she does with ulterior motives: â€Å"J'ai l'impression que mon discours est en decalage, espace et temps. Je sais que j'ai eu une reaction africaine ou tout le monde se mele des casseroles etrangeres. â€Å"38 This statement is telling because it shows that Aissatou knows that she is acting in bad faith.She knows that she has rejected certain aspects of African seduction and that she is not being honest about her intentions, but she nevertheless goes forward with her culinary seduction of Bolobolo and his mother. When Aissatou brings the beignets to Bolobolo's mother he mentions that she mustn't have anything better to do if she is cooking for others, but Aissatou reminds him: â€Å"Oui, parce que dans ce pays il faut etre vieux ou au chomag e pour se rendre compte qu'il est important que l'on s'occupe des autres,† again setting herself apart from the French and reminding him that they are compatriots.She finally gains access to his house with this plate of food. Once inside, she professes that she loves to cook and he answers that he loves to do dishes, seeming indicating that they are ideally suited for each other, but also indicating that he may be an African man, but he has adapted to a non-African setting. And this is the prime reason that Aissatou cooks, and especially why she cooks African food, to spark Bolobolo's passion for her. Aissatou cooks constantly, and she cooks the most exotic dishes and uses ingredients that she must search for in all the African boutiques of the capital.Her apartment building is infused with the heady aromas of African cuisine, which causes different reactions among her French neighbors. The concierge battles the smells of cooking with the Airwick spray, but the old lady who li ves on the first floor creeps up the steps to hover on the landing while Aissatou is cooking. Aissatou’s cooking, because it is foreign and strange smelling, makes her black in the eyes of the racist concierge and Bolobolo’s metisse girlfriend, Bijou.Aissatou decides to invite Bolobolo and his mother to dinner at her apartment, where she intends to win him over with her prowess in the kitchen, but when she goes downstairs to invite him, another woman is in the apartment with him. Unfazed, she announces that she would be happy to bring dinner down to them to enjoy together. The dinner is a success with Bolobolo but his girlfriend, a lovely metissse named Bijou, doesn't enjoy herself at all: â€Å"Je n'ai jamais aime la cuisine africaine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Parait qu'ils mangent des singes, ces Negres! † To which Aissatou responds: â€Å"Du serpent boa egalement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.C'est excellent, n'est-ce pas†39Again, the food has served to bring together the African s and place them in opposition to a separate group because they share a taste for a dish that others find objectionable. Aissatou even goes further in invoking their taste for boa constrictor, because she knows that Bijou will be disgusted by this prospect. Since Bijou is mulatto and not just French, Aissatou and Bolobolo’s shared food preference places emphasis on the fact that they are from the same country in Africa and therefore share a distinct culture, and should not be lumped in with other ‘people of color. But Aissatou's main goal for her fabulous dinner is achieved after Bijou's departure when Bolobolo starts kissing and caressing Aissatou while she is cleaning up the kitchen. This woman, who previously denied herself any sensual pleasure at all from food, is altered by her dinner with Bolobolo. With her seduction of Bolobolo she acquires a new language, where food metaphors dominate the description of sex and the body. Nicki Hitchcott sees the narrator’ s almost over the top references to food to be a demonstration of cliches on which Western advertising depends. 0But at the same time, this dinner is evocative of the traditional polygamous African family dynamic, where the wife who cooks for the husband is the one who sleeps with him that night. Although Aissatou must still deal with her more powerful rival, Bolobolo's mother, she is eventually successful in seducing and keeping him with her culinary talents. By the end of the novel, Aissatou's transformation is complete. She does experience uneasiness when it comes to her own motives and doubts regarding her role in what Hitchcott calls ‘postnational’ France, but Aissatou settles on using cooking in order to maintain her relationships.She has gone from being a self-described white woman who viewed food as a ‘fatal poison' in the matter of seduction, to using food as a tool to accomplish her goal of seducing Bolobolo. She now sees food as a positive, unifying for ce: â€Å"La nourriture est synonyme de la vie. Aujourd'hui elle constitue une unite plus homogene que la justice. Elle est peut-etre l'unique source de paix et de reconciliation entre les hommes.  »41And in this novel, cooking can also reflect passion, love, comfort, anger and civility.Food and Aissatou's deft manipulation of people through her cooking give her power that she doesn't have otherwise in French society. As Bolobolo’s mother says in the novel, cooking is indeed becoming a rare skill especially in large capital cities like Paris because women are increasingly working outside the home, and don’t have the time or even talent to cook, since they never really learned the skills from their mothers. Even though France may be a center for haute cuisine technique, it suffers the same problems of all modern countries where there has been a redistribution of domestic tasks from inside to outside the home.Women don’t cook as much as they used to, and more a nd more people eat outside the home. Therefore, we must ask ourselves for whom the didactic element of this book is intended. As stated above, it is not descriptive enough to satisfy a food adventurer in search of the exotic and by virtue of the fact that it is written and published in France, it is clearly not intended to be used by African women. Perhaps the reader who would find Beyala’s recipes to be the most accessible are women like herself, immigrant women who might need to be tempted back to the kitchen.When this is considered along with Beyala’s problematical portrayal of marriage, the book appears as an invitation to take up cooking, not as a way to experience the exotic, but as a way to reject the Western ideal of beauty and to appropriate some power within the community. Aissatou returned to this aspect of her African heritage, because she had a specific goal in mind and felt that this would allow her to achieve it. She questions herself, her methods and he r motives all along the way, and ultimately accepts the limitations of â€Å"un bon pepe-soupe† and her husband’s monogamy.Just as she advises her neighbor whose husband has begun to stray from the conjugal bed, she doesn’t reproach Bolobolo and accepts his infidelity, knowing that eventually, he will return to her. She rejected the literal and figurative hunger that she experienced as a ‘negresse blanche† and chose the culinary tools that allow her to make her husband happy, even though she knows that he will sometimes hurt her. Beyala’s heroine fully understands the limitations that she faces in a Paris, and negotiates an identity through her cooking that she can live with.